Hypophysectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the pituitary gland, a small but crucial gland located at the base of the brain. This surgery is typically performed to treat conditions related to the pituitary gland, such as pituitary tumors (adenomas), which may cause symptoms due to hormone overproduction, compression of surrounding structures, or both. Hypophysectomy may also be indicated for certain cases of Cushing's disease, acromegaly, or other endocrine disorders where the pituitary gland is malfunctioning. The procedure is usually performed through the nasal cavity using a technique known as transsphenoidal surgery, which allows access to the pituitary gland via the sphenoid sinus, minimizing the need for an external incision. In some cases, an open craniotomy may be necessary if the tumor is large or has invaded surrounding tissues. During the surgery, the pituitary gland is removed while attempting to preserve surrounding brain structures and avoid damage to the optic nerves. Complications of hypophysectomy can include infection, bleeding, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Postoperative issues may involve hormonal imbalances, as the pituitary gland plays a central role in regulating various endocrine functions. Patients may require lifelong hormone replacement therapy to compensate for the loss of pituitary function and to manage symptoms related to deficiencies in hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and growth hormone. Despite these risks, hypophysectomy can be an effective treatment for pituitary tumors and other related conditions, often leading to significant symptom relief and improved quality of life.
